Welcome - The story of Norway War Resistance Peace


		1940		1943
		1941		1944
		1942		1945

TIME LINE 1940

APRIL

Notes

1-Berlin	Hitler issues order to invade Norway – ‘Zero Hour’ 0515 April 9th.
3 – 7	German troopships and warships leave for Narvik, Trondheim, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Oslo and Bergen	Operation Weserübung
8	German troopship Rio de Janeiro sunk near Lillesand by Polish submarine ‘Orzel.’ Telegram from British Naval Staff warning of German warships off Norwegian coast.Hectic parliamentary activity in Oslo	Naval Actions
9 -Oslo Hamar Oslo Hamar April 9 Hamer Oslo Elverum	0015 - First air raid warning. 0135 - All clear 0410 – Second air raid warning. Electricity cut off 0415 – Planned arrival time of German Forces 0421 – The fortress at Oscarsborg, near Drøbak in the inner Oslofjord, opens fire on the German cruiser ‘Blücher’ causing her to sink. This action delays the arrival of the invading forces in Oslo and gives Norwegian authorities a breathing space to make plans. 0430 – German minister Bräuer presents ’ultimatum’ to Norwegian Foreign Minister Koht. Ultimatum rejected. Decision to evacuate the Royal Family, Cabinet and Parliament. (RFCP) 0500 – First Norwegian aircraft sent aloft at daybreak 0600 – All clear 0700 – Train carrying RFCP leaves Oslo towards Hamar and Lillehammer. Many delays. 0730 – Third air raid warning0735 – Norwegian aircraft attack German invading aircraft 0745 – Planned time of landing for German air forces 0820 – The first German plane lands at Fornebu. Other remnants of the air battles arrive shortly afterwards with their loads of soldiers and supplies. 1245 – A group of 4-500 German soldiers enters Akershus fortress 1300 – The last of 26 trucks loaded with Norway’s gold reserves left the city heading North. 1300 – Train with RFCP arrives. Short Parliamentary meeting followed by meeting of the National Council. 1400 – Oslo’s commander, Col. Schnitler, surrenders the city 1600 – Capt. Spiller, the German air attaché in Oslo, leaves the city with a group of paratroopers, a truck and three buses. Their aim: to head off and capture the King and members of the Cabinet. 1830 – Parliament meets again (142 MPs), to discuss German demands. Decision taken to negotiate. Adjourned 1940 1900 – Spiller’s group reaches Jessheim1930 – Quisling speaks on radio claiming that the Nygaardsvold Government had resigned and that the National Government, with himself as Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, had taken over. 2140 – Parliament convened in gymnasium of high-school. Mowinckel, Lykke and Sundby selected as negotiators. Hambro formulates the important Elverum Mandate that gave the Government authorisation to act “in the best interests of the country’s security and future,” until the next “ordinary” meeting of Parliament could be convened.Crown Princess Märtha and her three children driven towards Sweden.	Blücher Gold
April 10 Midtskogen Elverum Oslo	0130 – Spiller’s group attacks a farm where about 90 Norwegian troops are blocking the road to Elverum. The battle lasts almost two hours. Spiller is fatally wounded and his depleted group returns to Hamar. This is the first land battle of the war and Norwegian ‘success’ again gives the RFCP a breathing space. 0155 – RFCP leave by train ‘Panic Day’– inhabitants flee city on rumours of bombing

APRIL

Notes

11	German aircraft bomb Elverum. Otto Ruge takes over as Commander in Chief Norwegian Forces
14	British Troops to Namsos. Young Norwegians attempt to destroy important bridge near Oslo – perhaps the first act of sabotage?
15	Appeal from some of Oslo’s leading citizens to avoid “sabotage and destruction.”Administrative Council established by Supreme Court in Oslo. Quisling forced to withdraw. RFCP at Otta
16	Bishop Berggrav warns against civil resistance towards occupying forces; “only warriors wage wars.”
17	British Troops to Steinkjer.RFCP to Vagå. National Council Meeting
18	Ill-equipped and unseasoned British troops land at Namsos and Åndalsnes
19	Food rationing imposed
20	French Alpine Troops land at Namsos. German aircraft bomb Namsos
21	German aircraft bomb Steinkjer
22	Basis for Nortraship laid down at Cabinet meeting in Stuguslåtten in Romsdalen.	Nortraship
23	Åndalsnes bombed by German aircraft
23	RFCP to Molde
24	Hitler appoints Terboven as “Reichskommissar” – Governor – in Norway.
25	Molde bombed by German aircraft
27	In a letter to ‘Nationen’, Knut Hamsun attacks the RFCP which –“gave orders for mobilization and then ran away”.
28	British troops ordered to evacuate from Southern Norway. Kristiansund bombed by German aircraft.	Escape by Sea
29	New, stricter rationing laws imposed. King George VI sends telegram to King Haakon and sends HMS Glasgow to evacuate “to wherever you want to go.”
30	Kristiansund and Molde severely damaged by German bombs

MAY

Notes

1	The King, Parliament and Cabinet arrive in Tromsø. To avoid German bombing, the King moves to a country house outside Målselv – his home for the next 36 days. Hospital ship ‘Dronning Maud’ bombed by German aircraft. Norwegian troops withdraw northwards from central Norway
4	In a letter to several newspapers, Knut Hamsun writes: “Throw down your weapons and go home.” Oslo newspapers refuse to print letter.
5	Hegra Fortress, near Trondheim capitulates to Germans
7	Proclamation from King Haakon printed in ‘Lofotposten’“I implore all Norwegians to support us in our attempts to free the country…Norway’s future is at stake.”
11 - Bergen	Editor of newspaper Bergens Tidende severely censored by German commandant. Newspaper banned 14 to 21 May
12 - 13	British ships sail into Herjangsfjord, north of Narvik and landed French and British troops in the first stage of the plan to drive the Germans from Narvik. Norwegian forces, although outnumbered by elite German forces, manage to drive them from the mountain plateau east of Narvik.
17 - Tromsø	Norway’s Independence Day – King Haakon speaks on radio to Norwegian people, advising of his departure and of his determination never to give up the fight to free the country.Nordahl Grieg reads his poem “Idag står flaggstangen naken” (Today the flag pole naked stands).
20 Trondheim	Shoes rationed in North and South Trøndelag.
22 - Oslo	First publication of the German Newspaper, ‘Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen.’ Encourages Norwegians “to learn German”.
26 - Oslo	Labour Party Conference. Most of the leaders were in Northern Norway. Trygve Bratteli elected as party secretary. No support for ‘peace wing’ of party.
27 - Bodø Oslo	Massive destruction by German aircraft.Terboven informs leaders of political parties that all political meetings are henceforth prohibited.
28 - Dunkerque Narvik	A Norwegian coal transport, “Hird”, after 14 days enforced stay in the port, takes aboard 3500 British and French troops and civilians, and takes them safely to Cherbourg. French and Norwegian troops drive Germans from Narvik – Hitler’s first reverse.
29 - Oslo	The newspaper ‘Dagbladet’ banned for 8 days because of article describing the German occupation of Belgium.
31 - NarvikBodø	Bombed by German aircraft for first time since German withdrawal.British troops evacuated from peninsula.

JUNE

Notes

1	Government advised that Northern Norway must capitulate as last allied forces leave. But Norwegian troops continue to fight.
2 - Narvik	Heavy bombing by 23 German aircraft. British fighters shoot down 7 but much damage to building in town and 35 civilians killed
7 - Tromsø	The King, Parliament and Government leave Norway on board HMS Devonshire bound for England
8 - Bergen North SeaNarvik	Extensive fires followed by huge explosion, Many Norwegian civilians and German troops killed..British aircraft carrier ‘Glorious’ sunk by ‘Scharnhorst and Gneisenau.German troops re-enter Narvik – the battle for N. Norway ends.
9 – Tromsø	Norwegian forces capitulate after resisting the invasion for an unexpected two months. Tromsø radio broadcasts proclamation from Government stating that the struggle to drive the Germans out of Norway had not ceased: “On the contrary, we will continue the struggle from outside the country.” General Otto Ruge, in his speech right after the proclamation, promised eventual victory and closed with the stirring words: “This promise will be kept, perhaps not by me…But those who continue the struggle abroad and you who are young, will keep the promise when the time comes.”
10 - Scotland	King Haakon lands in Grennock, near Glasgow. By train to London.
11 - Oslo	German demands to administrative council
15 – Bergen	Huge British air-raid - more than 100 building destroyed.
16 – Ålvik	First sabotage action in occupied Norway. Power station damaged.
19 - Scotland	Norwegian Army Headquarters established by General Fleischer.
20 – London	Norwegian Marine Headquarters established under Admiral Diesen and two other officers.
24	Butter and margarine rationed
25 - Bergen	First Norwegians tried and convicted of spying. Thirteen condemned to death, but later reprieved.
27 Oslo	President Council in Oslo, after fruitless negotiations with Germans, requests King Haakon to abdicate

JULY

Notes

3	Reply to Government from King Haakon. His resounding ‘NO’ reached Oslo by courier on July 6	King Haakon
5	Major Olaf Helset and Capt. John Rognes released from Grini
5	Quisling ‘sent’ to Germany – Terboven trying to get him exiled. Rosenberg and Ræder support Quisling
7	The first regular radio connection established between Oslo and London.
9	Bernhard Håvardsholm arrives in Lerwick. Audience with King in London – confirms that King has full support of Norwegians
10	Government in London receive letter from prominent Norwegians confirming their support and asking Govt. to do utmost to strengthen the fight against Germany.
11	Terboven til Berlin but Hitler rejects his attempt to exile Quisling
15	Britain and Norway protest to Swedish Government about the transit of German forces through Sweden.
17	Meeting of Government in London – all governing bodies appointed in occupied Norway must be considered ‘Temporary’
19	SOE Established in London
21	Terboven returns to Oslo
31	Edict forbids flying of Norwegian flag on King Haakon’s birthday. (Aug 3)

AUGUST

Notes

3	King Haakon’s birthday – no flags – but Haakon 7 in a large V drawn, painted and carved everywhere.
6 - London	Unsuccessful attempt by Arne Sunde to force Foreign Minister Koht to resign.
9 - Tromsø	A curfew from 2300 – 0500 is imposed after burning of building and discovery of two German bodies in wreckage.
13	Hitler orders Von Falkenhorst to position special troops in N. Norway – preparatory to attack on Soviet Union.
15	Back to school for the first time since April 8 for most.
16	Crown-Princess Martha and her 3 children leave Finland for the USA.

SEPTEMBER

Notes

4	Terboven meets Hitler in Berlin – advises against co-operation with NS in Norway and no position for Quisling
5	Quisling meets Hitler in Berlin – requests NS majority in Norway – and a replacement for Terboven.
7	Hitler’s decision – both Quisling and Terboven to remain – negotiations to continue.
Canada	Norwegian Airmen begin to train at Toronto Flying Club – beginning of ‘Little Norway’	Little Norway
8	Discussions continue – German demand that King Haakon should abdicate remained unconditional.
9	Group and president meeting in Parliament – majority for acceptance of German demand.
12	‘Border Zone West’ established in Sogn og Fjordane, Hordaland, Bergen, Rogaland Aus tog Vest-Agder and parts of Telemark, Vestfold and Østfold. Travel restrictions imposed.
13-15	Terboven and Quisling again to Berlin. German demands stand
13	Norway’s two athletic organisations agree to merge. Olaf Helset, Foreman and Rolf Hofmo Vice-foreman.
18	After further fruitless negotiations – no agreement.- members of Parliament resign.
20	Freemason activity in Norway banned, property expropriated
21	Royalist Doctor Johan Scharffenberg, in Oslo speech to Student Union, supports King Haakon as icon for Norwegian hopes and independence. Standing ovation.
23	Demonstration in Bergen against travel restrictions
24	Oslo’s Chief of Police, Kristian Welhaven dismissed by Nazis. He was later arrested and sent to Germany
25	Christian Advisory Council for the Norwegian Church established
25	All weapons and ammunition in civilian hands in Norway to be turned in to German authorities before October 4
25	Final chapter in struggle for constitutional power in Norway - Terboven bans all political parties except NS, dissolves Administrative Council, installs Commissioner Government of 13 men, 9 of whom were NS members. Start of ‘nyordningen.’
26	Dr. Scharffenberg and Student Union President Johan Sanness arrested.
28	The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and other public institutions re-organised with ‘reliable’ NS heads.
28	In a Stavanger newspaper editor Trond Hegna criticizes Terboven’s Comissioner Government. Hegna was arrested and the newspaper closed down the same evening.

OCTOBER

Notes

1	Sale of anything bearing an image of King Haakon or his family prohibited.
1	Axel Stang, the new, ‘appointed’ minister for ‘labour service and athletics’, warns that a three month compulsory ‘labour service’ (CLS) will be implemented from Spring, 1941.	Labour Service
2	Church litany changed – prayer for ‘King and his house’ deleted.
3	Union Leaders Elias Volan and Jens Evensen dismissed and replaced by NS man, Jens Tangen.
3	The Supreme Court issued an opinion on Terboven’s ‘nyordning’ – conclusion that Germany could only implement ‘temporary military power.’ The opinion was generally ignored.
4	Terboven edict to all public employees, including teachers: “join NS or lose job”
4	General Otto Ruge from his Grini prison, appoints Olaf Helset and John Rognes as his representatives when he is sent to Germany.
12	Norwegian Athletic Association met with Axel Stang to discuss the Association’s political and athletic independence
17	Quisling visits Bergen – anti-Quisling demonstrations.
18	All clothing rationed.
22	Interior Minister Hagelin issues new orders bringing all local councils under NS control.
23	Coastal Steamer ‘Princesse Ragnhld’ sinks after hitting a mine – 300 persons died.
25	Terboven proclaims that all political cases to be tried by a special court.

NOVEMBER

Notes

7	Resistance leaders met at Professor W. Werenskiold’s home. Organization plan for R-Group approved for civil and military.	Resistance
9	Divorce Law changed to allow divorce if one of couple is abroad
10	Jonas Lie visits Bergen - further anti-NS demonstrations.
10	Canada -‘Little Norway’ – the training camp for Norwegian airmen officially opened.
16	NS Justice Minister Riisnæs advises that his department henceforth will be responsible for all ‘hiring’ and ‘firing’ of judges and other judicial official.
17	Norwegian Farmers’ Association votes against joining NS-controlled association.
17	Larvik- peaceful demonstration against NS minister.
19	London – Foreign Minister Koht given sick leave for 3 months. Trygve Lie temporary replacement.
19	The Norwegian Supreme Court rejects the Justice Department’s edict of November 17.
20	A large majority of teachers refused to sign under acceptance of Terboven’s ‘loyalty oath’ of October 4.
21	All previous athletic associations disbanded and reformed as the Nazi-dominated Norwegian Athletic Association
25	Oslo University Professor Jac. S. Worm-Mữller suspended from duty because of his anti-NS opinions.
28	Dr. Goebbels visited Oslo. Students arrested for turning their backs on him as his car drove up the main street.

DECEMBER

Notes

1	Passenger ship ‘Oslofjord’ sunk in Tynemouth by acoustic mine
2	Wearing of badges in support of Royal Family prohibited
4	Ålesund – 32 arrested for demonstrations against NS control of town
6	The Justice Department advised that the retirement age for all public officials was reduced from 70 to 65. The Supreme Court argued that this move was illegal.
12	All Supreme Court judges resign in protest against Nazi policies
14	Oslo – Widespread demonstrations against Nazi and NS rule.
15	London – Trygve Lie, in a speech on BBC, says that the one aim of the exile Government is to…free Norway.
21	New High Court judges appointed – all Nazi sympathisers.
21	‘Fuhrer’ principal introduced at local government level.
23	Kristiansand – The entire police force resigns in protest against the order instituting the ‘Hitler salute’ (Heil Hitler)
24	British planes bomb snow shelters over railway tracks near Finse.

TIME LINE 1941

An unusually cold winter throughout Norway – minus 30 degrees Celsius in Oslo. A year when everything looked bleak to “good” Norwegians who faced increasing Nazi oppression.

JANUARY

Notes

1	Odd Starheim put ashore from British U-boat near Farsund – one of first Linge-Company men to return to Norway.
3	Two German ships sunk by British navy near Reve in Rogaland
4	First copy of illegal newspaper ‘Free Trade Union’ distributed.
6	USA – Roosevelt proclaims “America must be the arsenal for countries fighting against the Axis.”
7	London – Churchill’s ‘No’ to attacks on Norwegian coast
9	Nordland Regiment established by Quisling – to be attached to Waffen SS.
11	USA – Lend/Lease Act signed in Washington
11	London – Norwegian Intelligence Unit established in co-operation with British Secret Service.
16	Bergen-‘Hirden’ demonstrated against the Jewish violinist Ernst Glaser who was to perform with the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, using Ole Bull’s violin.
20	Bergen – 5 men sentenced to 9 years in prison for issuing illegal newspaper ‘Nordmannen’.
21	Col. Halvor Hansson arrested.
24	Five Norwegian ships, ‘under arrest’ in Gothenburg, escape to UK
28	Heinrich Himmler visits Oslo – support for Terboven
31	‘Nordland’ regiment of ‘Frontkjempere’ swears oath of allegiance to Himmler.
31 London	Arnulf Øverland’s poem ‘To the King’ published anonymously in ‘Norsk Tidende’. Widespread ‘illegal’ distribution in Norway

FEBRUARY

Notes

1	Bergen - Three men sentenced to death for operating radio transmitter. Later commuted to imprisonment in Germany.
3	Oslo: The ‘old’ leaders of Athletic Associations advised the ‘new’ association leader that there would be no co-operation.
4	Major Olaf Helset and Chr. A.R. Christensen arrested by Gestapo. Lt. Col. Ole Berg took over as leader of Milorg
5	All persons over 15 years old ordered to carry identity papers
6	Pastoral letter, refusing to accept changes decreed by Nazis, sent to all congregations, and read from most pulpits.
8	Gestapo impounded 7000 copies of Pastoral letter.
12	Norwegian M/S Borgestad, the leading ship in a convoy of 19 “sacrificed itself” to save 12 ships.
15	Hitler orders strengthening of German defences in Norway against British invasion: Fortress Norway	Fortress Norway
17	Bergen – Two-day strike of high-school students against Nazi infiltration, propaganda, and bullying by members of Quisling’s ‘hird.’
21	London – Foreign Minister Halvdan Koht resigns.
25	Bergen – Verdict in the ‘Haugesund Spy Affair’– 10 sentenced to death, seven got long prison sentences, and one was acquitted. The death sentences were later commuted but four of the men were forced to diffuse several unexploded bombs before they were released.
Feb – Mar	Bergen – The Gestapo apprehended a large Resistance group led by Roald Alvær. In May 1941, 34 of the men arrested were sentenced to death. .

MARCH

Notes

4	Operation Claymore: 550 British and 53 Norwegian commandoes land in Svolvær, Stamsund, Henningsvær and Brettesnes. Germans completely surprised by this first combined operation.	Operation Claymore
10	Letter from Quisling to Hitler (via Dr.Lammers) insisting that the relationship between Norway and Germany be formalized with NS as controlling party in Norway. Hitler’s short reply: No way!
17	Education Department decides to replace English with German in schools from 1942.
27	A Norwegian force of 40 men lands on Jan Mayen to secure weather station
27	Frankfurt – Quisling demands joint European laws against Jews.

APRIL

Notes

3	Leaders of 22 Unions signed letter of protest against placement of NS members in Union positions. No reply from Terboven.
5	Another letter from Church Department warning priests against expressing anti-NS opinions from the pulpit.
9	Quisling ‘sent’ to Germany – Terboven trying to get him exiled. Rosenberg and Ræder support Quisling
12	London: On this, the first anniversary of the invasion, King Haakon spoke on the BBC radio and praised the firm line of the Supreme Court, the Church, and the Unions. In spite of Nazi ban on demonstrations, many workers stopped work at midday.
15	Stavanger: Sven Oftedal fired from his post as ‘Stavanger Aftenblad’ editor by Nazis.
23	All high-school graduation celebrations prohibited.
25	‘Mein Kampf’ translated into Norwegian.
28	Iceland - 26 recently graduated pilots and ground crews arrived from Canada to join Squadron 330(N) under Squadron Leader Bugge.
28	Propaganda Minister Lunde issues edict against; “books that damage national and social progress…”
29	Two of Norway’s most important holidays – May 1 and May 17 – are decreed ‘normal working days’.

MAY

Notes

1	According to Terboven in a speech today, the Norwegian people “have much to thank Quisling and his men in the NS for…”
5	A mine exploded in the sea outside Bergen killing 7 men.
6	Sola Airport near Stavanger attacked by British aircraft.
8	The Soviet Union broke off diplomatic relations with Norway.”
8	Six Norwegians accused of helping the British Forces on March 4 during ‘Operation Claymore were sentenced to long imprisonment.
15	The leaders of 43 National Organizations sent a formal letter of protest to Terboven against the Nazification policy.
16	Hand-written greetings from King Haakon dropped from aircraft over many coastal areas
17	London – King Haakon makes speech from the Norwegian Seamen’s Church. “…convinced of …a free Norway and… remembered that just a year ago he had heard the service on a radio in a cabin near Målselv.
17	No public celebration of Constitution day but Church services filled to overflowing.
19	Iceland– Northrop aircraft, reserves, and ammunition arrive.
20	The battleship ‘Bismarck’ heads for Norwegian ports but is observed by Swedish Intelligence officer who advised Norwegian military attaché in Stockholm, Col. Roscher-Lund. British Intelligence was informed and the hunt for the ‘Bismarck’ began.
21	Oslo – Actors and actresses at National Theatre strike. The strike spread to Bergen and Trondheim. Fourteen of strikers’ representatives arrested. Strike lasts five weeks.
21	Oslo - Norway’s first SS Regiment established. 150 men from ‘Hirden’ took oath of allegiance to Hitler and Quisling. Himmler praised Jonas Lie and said that May 21 would be a day to remember in the history of the joint Germanic fellowship.
27	Battleship ‘Bismarck’ sunk by ‘Prince of Wales’ off Brest
28	London – Military agreement signed between Norway and Britain.
30	All concerts in Norway to be approved and all song text censored.

JUNE

Notes

4	Bergen – Erling Marthinsson sentenced to death for attempting to escape to England. Later, he did manage to escape.
5	Circular letter to all priests warning against new text book.
8	Bergen – Night attack by British bombers.
10	Controversial Milorg report sent to King Haakon in which; “Domestic control” was bone of contention.
12	Oslo: The Justice Department proclaims that workers who join the SS are guaranteed against unemployment. Full wages during their absence are also guaranteed.
14	The first civilian prisoners, 150 men, arrive at Grini	Grini
18	Terboven summoned the leaders of the organizations who had signed the May 15 letter. Five were arrested, many were fired and replaced by NS members but the LO (TUC) was spared
20	Oslo – Leaders of the civilian resistance movement meet – ‘Kretsen’ formed to replace ‘R’Group. Grimelund meeting
21	Curfew imposed in major Norwegian towns.
22	Germany attacks USSR – German action in Norway against communists – many leaders arrested.
22	Ålesund – 70 men arrested as hostages for sons who had fled to England. Huge demonstration as the men were driven to pier for embarkation to a destination and a fate unknown.
23	Jews arrested in Oslo, Harstad, Narvik and Tromsø. Most of them were released but anti-Semite campaign gained strength.
26	Oslo: Harald Grieg, Francis Bull, Jens P. Heyerdahl and J Sejersted Bødtker – all directors of the National Theater – arrested.
28	Norwegian volunteers in SS Regiments in battle against Russians.
30	Hitler approves establishment of special Norwegian Legion to fight for Germany against Russia.
30	Letter from TUC to Terboven – “Release the arrested Union members.”

JULY

Notes

5	Volunteers to the Norwegian Legion to be given significant financial support for themselves and their families
5	Haugesund – harbour bombed.
10	Baard Krogvig visits Norway to investigate Milorg organisation
17	Reply from London, almost a reprimand, to Milorg’s letter of June 10
17	Haugesund bombed again
21	Norwegian squadron 331(N) established at RAF Catterick
25	London – Government obtained two Lockheed-Lodestars for London – Stockolm route
30	LO leaders Tangen and Hansteen summoned to Terboven.
30	British aircraft attack German ships in Kirkenes harbour.
31	Oslo: Five TUC members, arrested in June, were released..
31	Tverboven issues an edict giving him greater powers and allowing harsher punishments to combat “…unusual events that affected the public life in Norway.” ‘State of Emergency Edict.’
31	British naval force to Svalbard – N. Government not informed. Admiral Vian (Jössingfjord) in charge.

AUGUST

Notes

2	All radios, except those owned by NS members, confiscated
2	Quisling letter to Dr. Lammer, Hitler’s chief advisor – arguing for an independent N.S. Norwegian Government
9	Lawyers Henning Bødtker, Paul Frank and Olav Tendeland barred from practise because of “malignant attack against NS”
11	Frithjof Pedersen, Alf Konrad Lindeberg and Melankton Rasmussen shot in Akershus fortress. They were the first members of the Resistance to be executed by the Germans.
12	Sale of milk and milk products strictly regulated.
21	London: Commanding Admiral Henry Diesen resigned because of disagreement about use of flights on ‘Stockholm route.’
25	Oslo: Meeting of Home Forces leaders to discuss constitutional and political questions. Second ‘Grimelund-møte’
30	German troopships Donau and Bahia Laura sunk off N. coast.

SEPTEMBER

Notes

2	Norwegian inhabitants evacuated from Svalbard onboard ‘Empress of Canada’ Coal stocks set on fire.
3	Oslo:The Justice Department abolishes the jury system.
3	SS Gruppenfϋher Reinhard Heydrich visits Oslo
6-7	British aircraft bomb Oslo harbour, little damage, few casualties.
8	Milk rationing imposed – some industrial workers strike.
8	Paul Hartmann arrived in London as first official representative for the Norwegian Resistance movement.
10	State of emergency declared in Oslo and Akershus. Union official Viggo Hansteen and Rolf Wickstrøm tried and executed on same day. Many others arrested and sentenced to hard labour – among them: Einar Gerhardsen, Lars Evensen, Konrad Nordahl and Haakon Lie.
11	Students and faculty of Oslo University summoned to meeting by SS Sturmbannführer Knab. Chancellor, Prof. Seip was relieved of his position and arrested later same day.
12	British aircraft attack Haugvik foundry in Glomfjord.
15	Russian submarine landed 13 men, Russian and Norwegians, on the Varanger peninsula.
16	State of emergency lifted.
20	In a secret order from the German High Command, all resistance in occupied countries to be attributed to communists. For every German killed in such cases, 50 – 100 hostages to be executed.
21	Squadron 331 moved to Skebrae in the Orkneys.
25	Secretaries of State ‘promoted’ to Ministers by Terboven
25	Germans establish weather stations on abandoned Longyearby.
26	New edict from Terboven – death penalty to apply to “attempts to escape to enemy territory, or activities on behalf of enemy.”

OCTOBER

Notes

2	Bergen; One of largest resistance groups in Norway – The Stein Gang – infiltrated and broken up by Gestapo. 200 men arrested
3	N. Government in London approves death penalty for traitors.
6	Vidkun Quisling attends loyalty ceremony of the Norwegian Legion in Germany.
19	Fishing boat Nordsjøen sailed from Shetlands to Nordmøre and laid 42 mines. – Leif Larsen – ‘Shetlands-Larsen’ was one of crew .
22	Ivar Duesund and Karsten Wang executed.

NOVEMBER

Notes

6	Bjørn Christophersen, Secretary to the newly established Norwegian Defence Council in London, presented the first of a series of notes which outlined the projected Norwegian contribution to the liberation of Norway.
8	Norwegian translations of foreign authors forbidden.
12	Fishing boat 'Blia' sinks with 37 men and women who were fleeing to England, and a crew of 6 onboard.
14	Students at Oslo University on strike against Nazification of the students’ representatives.
20	N. Government in London recognizes Milorg as a “military organization… reporting directly to H.O.K” (Army Supreme Command)
22	H Ingvald Garbo sentenced to death and executed for “attempting to undermine the German defence forces’ internal strength.”
24	In a note to Oscar Torp, the SOE (Special Operations Executive) outlines plans for co-operation with N. resistance.
28	London- Defence Minister Ljungberg given three months leave of absence. Oscar Torp takes over his duties.

DECEMBER

Notes

1	Kristiansand; Harbour attacked by British aircraft.
4	Bjarne Thorsen returns to Bergen from England with radio transmitter and coder earmarked for Theta group
4	Oslo – large numbers of ration-cards for food and clothes stolen from Rationing office.
11	N. citizens living abroad to lose citizenship and forfeit their assets in Norway.
11	Oslo - KK (Co-ordination committee) issues the first of many ‘paroles’ – guidelines on how ‘good’ Norwegian should behave.
13	The first of three groups of men from the Linge Company landed in Selvær to organize a military force in Helgeland.
14	Haugesund: Harbour bombed..
15	Chocolate and sweets rationed.
15	Letter from Bishops to Church Department – “Bishops have the right and duty to be informed and asked to comment before Church-related actions are initiated.”
26-27	British and Norwegian forces attack Lofoton, Vågsøy and Måløy
27	Herdla airport near Bergen bombed.
29	‘Stavanger episode’ – eleven Norwegian men shot for espionage – they were sentenced to death on December 3.
31	Russian aircraft bomb Kirkenes – 11 German officers killed.

TIME LINE 1942

A bitter-cold winter, an ever-dwindling food supply, and increasing Gestapo activity brought little relief to beleaguered Norway. Japan goes from victory to victory in the Far East.

JANUARY

Notes

1	Norway and 25 other nations agree to principles of Atlantic Charter.
1	Finnmark – After training in Murmansk, 2 Norwegians and 1 Russian landed to report on German activities and ships’ movements.
10	Police Minister Jonas Lie decides that all Jewish identity cards must be stamped with the letter ‘J’
15	“Tirpitz” first spotted off Norwegian coast.
16	An order from NS to all districts: Draw up lists of NS opponents – so called “Jøssinglister” – 1% of population – to be used as source for future hostages.
17-20	Bergen – Theta Group contacts London with news that “Tirpitz” is anchored in Åsenfjord, on the north side of the Trondheimsfjord.
20	Berlin – Nazi leaders meet to discuss ‘The Jewish Problem’ in the former Interpol headquarters at Am Grossen.	The Wannsee Conference
21	Newspapers ordered to print an advertisement proclaiming that all Jewish passports must be turned in to be stamped with a ‘J’ .
22	Berlin – Hitler declares Norway will be “arena of destiny” – 160000 troops to be transferred – warships to follow – Festung Norwegen (Fortress Norway) established..
	Count von Moltke visits Norway – informs anti-Nazi contact in Wehrmacht (Steltzer) of Hitler’s ‘Final Solution’ for the Jewish problem.	Anti-Hitler movement in Germany
25	First drop of supplies to Milorg from England.
28	Gravdal – 3 men from Bergen, Gustav Gjertsen, Alfred Offerdal and Mons Rasmussen executed for attempting to flee to England.
30	Hitler: “The result of this war will be the obliteration of Jewry in Europe.”

FEBRUARY

Notes

1	Oslo – Terboven “appointed” Quisling as Minister-President.
1	Trondheim – Dean Fjellbu barred from preaching in cathedral.
2	Oslo – Four “patients” (Milorg operatives) rescued from Ullevål Hospital
2	Oslo – Explosions at two railway stations. “Osvald’s” first sabotage action – material damage but no German casualties	Communist Resistance.
4	Oslo – Per Lie, one of Free Union leaders, arrested for illegal newspaper activities.
5	Quisling signs “National Youth Service” law and Teachers’ Union law – both highly resisted by all except NS members.
6	London – Major-Gen. Hansteen appointed Chief of Armed Forces.
7	Berlin – Hitler issues “Nacht und Nebel” decree. (Night and Fog)	“NN” decree
7	Oslo – Terboven issues “Amnesti” to “some of those held by SS”
8	Trondheim – SOE agents Odd Sørlie, Bjørn Rørholt and Arthur Pevik arrive.(Rørholt to report on movements of ‘Tirpitz’.)	Operation Lark
8	Woodhaven, Scotland – Naval Air Base established. Later N.333 Squadron.
13	Berlin – Quisling meets with Hitler but makes no progress.
16	London – The first meeting of the Anglo-Norwegian collaboration Committee (ANCC). Main objective: Co-ordination of military activity in Norway.
22	Ålesund – 50 persons arrested as they attempted to flee to England.
23	Church and Education Department gives deadline March 1 as last date for teachers to withdraw cancellation of membership in Teachers’ Union.
24	All Norwegian Bishops resign their positions as protest against dismissal of Dean Fjellbu.
24	“Røde toppluer” (Red bonnets/caps) prohibited – worn by students as “demonstration”.
26	Oslo – Two new laws: one governing printed matter, the other allowing only members of Norsk Pressesamband (NS) to work as journalists. NS Journalists advise against law being executed.

MARCH

Notes

1	Vardø – Russian aircraft attacks troopship but bombs hit hospital.
7	Trondheim – Five men executed for listening to radio and spreading information.
9	Axel Stang (Labour and Athletics minister) receives 50000 letters from parents protesting Youth Service Act.
12	Law forbidding Jews to live in Norway written back into the Constitution. Church leaders react: “stop persecution of the Jews’
14	Dancing in public prohibited.
15	Flekkefjord – Odd Starheim, member of the Linge Company, hijacks passenger ship “Galtesund and with escort from RAF arrives safely in Aberdeen.	Described in book “Salt Water Thief”
20	Quisling, after meeting with Terboven, orders Norwegian police to arrest 1100 teachers. The arrested are sent to labour camps in N.Norway.
25	Berlin – Report from Gen.List to Hitler specifying improvements to be made to coastal defences and communications in Norway.
29	Telemark – E. Skinnarland dropped to prepare way for attack on Vemork. – Operation Grouse.
30	Bergen – Police in Bergen ordered to take personal details of anyone wearing any combination of red, white, and blue apparel.

APRIL

Notes

1	10 Norwegian ships “escape” from Gothenburg, only 2 reached England.
1	650 teachers sent by train to Fåberg on first leg of journey to N.Norway.
3	Oslo – Authorities prohibit Bishop Berggrav from preaching.
5	Churches throughout Norway filled to capacity to hear sermon on “The Foundation of the Church.” Most pastors resign.
5	54 Norwegians transported to concentration camps in Germany.
7/8	Five members of the Church Council arrested.
13	Radio sender “Vega” established in Larvik
15	London – New provisional regulations governing divorce for Norwegian abroad whose spouse in Norway joined NS.
20	Oslo – Military parade in honour of Hitler’s birthday
25	Bergen – The newspaper “Bergens Aftenblad” closed down.
25	Norwegian Universities issue joint statement of support for pastors.
26	Vardø – Air-raid, 3 civilians killed, heavy damages.
26	Tælevåg – Gunfight resulted in death of two high-ranking Gestapo officers and one Linge Co. commando. Serious reprisals.	Reprisals
27	Trondheim – German fleet attacked by British aircraft

MAY

Notes

4	Trøndelag – Attack on transformer at Bårdshaug by Linge group.
5	High school students to be called up for Labour Service (AT)
5	Kristiansund – British aircraft bomb harbour.
9	Oslo – 25 young men sentenced for attempting to escape to England.
14	Svalbard – German aircraft sink one Norwegian ship and damage another.
17	Police department prohibit celebrations and parades.
17	British aircraft attack and damage German cruiser Prinz Eugen in North sea.
21	Trandum – 15 of the 25 men sentenced on May 9 executed.

JUNE

Notes

2	Vardø – attacked by British aircraft
9	Quislings letter to Hitler proposing “peace” date – July 18
15	Vardø again attacked by air.
22	Hitler’s reply to Quisling’s letter of June 9 – no deal – status quo.
24	Narvik – 900 Yugoslav prisoners arrived by ship – interned for slave labour at Beisfjord .
27	Outcry in illegal press against forced labour.

JULY

Notes

17	Beisford, near Narvik – Germans murder 287 Yugoslav prisoners.
18	Oslo – Celebration of Quisling’s 55th birthday
18	London – Foreign Minister Lie received letter from “Kretsen” in Oslo that commented on the Government’s foreign policy document.
23	London: The Norwegian Government introduces conscription to the armed forces for all female Norwegian citizens between 18 and 40
25	London – Agreement between BOAC and Norwegian Government – BOAC to operate “Stockholm Route”
29	Widespread arrests of Milorg personnel in Eastern Norway

AUGUST

Notes

2	Explosion at State Police HQ in Oslo.
3	King Haakon’s 70th birthday. Parades in London – large sale of “illegal” flowers in Norway.
11	Berlin – Hitler orders Terboven to control Quisling and to maintain order in Norway.
15	Oslo – New law establishing “Citizens’ Guard – civilians on guard duty to prevent hostile actions against Nazis.
20	Oslo – New Law prohibiting resignations from leading positions in business organizations.
27	Letter from Home Front leadership to Trygve Lie in London advising against Communists’ request for more sabotage acts in Norway.

SEPTEMBER

Notes

6	Trofors – Arrest of Linge-man Reidar Aarkvisla had serious repercussions.	“Battle of Majavatn”
7	Berlin – 15 Norwegians from Bergen sentenced to death.
10	The illegal newspaper “Free Unions” encourage readers to resign from their organisations
16	USA – “Look to Norway” speech by Roosevelt
17	Berlin – On orders from Hitler, Dr Lemmers writes sharp letter to Quisling rejecting request for national parliament.
17	London – “Consultative Council” suggestion rejected by N. Govt.
20	Glomfjord – Allied attack on power station. 7 of 12 men captured
25	Oslo - N S National Assembly.
25	Oslo – Attempt by British aircraft to bomb Gestapo HQ at Victoria Terrace fails. Civilians killed and private property damaged.

OCTOBER

Notes

6-12	Trondheim – State of Emergency. Germans murder 10 “hostages” and 24 prisoners taken after the Majavatn episode.
6	All Jewish males in Trondheim arrested
10	Linge Co. commandoes land in Dørdalen to attempt sabotage action at Thamshavn. (Pyrite ore)
11	Operation ‘Bittern’ – SOE ‘Drop’ - Milorg not consulted
12	Terboven:: Death penalty for listening to illegal radios and reading illegal newspapers.
18	Hitler issues infamous ‘Kommandobefehl’ (Commando Order)	Hitler
18	Hardanger plateau – four Linge commandoes parachuted into Songadalen – the advance party for “Heavy Water” action.	Operation “Grouse”
22	Berlin – Report from Secretary of State Stuckart after an inspection tour in Norway: 95% of Norwegians are opposed to Quisling.
22	A notorious Nazi policeman killed by leader of escaping group of Jews. According to some reports, this incident was used by the Gestapo as the “reason” for the mass arrests four days later.
26	All Jewish males over 15 in Norway arrested.
26	Quisling signs new law confiscating all assets belonging to Jews.
26	‘One-man’ torpedoes attempt to sink ‘Tirpitz’ Operation ‘Title’
26	The first inmates, 60 male Jews arrive at Berg Internment Camp near Tønsberg. “Quisling’s Chicken Coop” manned by Norwegians

NOVEMBER

Notes

11	Lerwick, Shetlands. Eight new motor torpedo boats ready for action in North Sea.
19	One of two British bomber aircraft and two gliders crash-land in southern Norway. Twenty three British soldiers captured and later murdered – one of first results of Hitler’s “commando order”.	Operation ‘Freshman’
21	Oslo – The teachers who had been exiled to forced labour in Northern Norway returned home.
26	582 Norwegian Jews – women and children arrested and driven to Oslo harbour. Transported to Germany in ‘slaveship’ S.S. Donau.
26	Bykle district – B. Fjelstad and N Gabrielsen dropped by parachute in connection with ‘Cheese’ and ‘Carhampton.’

DECEMBER

Notes

7	Large round-up of Resistance groups in Southern Norway started with arrest of Major Laudal.
19	Canada – Major-General Carl Fleischer commits suicide.
25	London – In a Christmas broadcast, Prime Minister Nygaardsvold promises that Norwegians themselves will decide how and who shall lead the country when freedom is restored.

TIME LINE 1943

The fourth year of occupation; a decisive year for the Resistance movement. Tragedies and triumphs in Norway, trials and tribulations in London – and a wind of change in Sweden.

JANUARY

Notes

2	Abelsnes, Vest Agder – 40 commandoes landed by ship under leadership of Odd Starheim.	Operation Carhampton
14	New law making property owners responsible for anti-NS/German signs, drawings, or other propaganda on their property.
17	Proclamation in churches against youth labour service.
19	Askvoll – Norwegian MTB’s attack and destroy German transmitter
22	Trondheim – Henry Rinnan, helps prisoner to escape as a ploy to obtain information that leads to new arrests in Trøndelag.	Rinnan Gang
24	Stord – Norwegian and British commandoes in MTB’s attack pyrite mines and other German installations.
27	Trondheim – Resistance man Bjørn Eriksen arrested. Commits suicide.
31	Stalingrad – German forces surrendered. A turning point in war.

FEBRUARY

Notes

3	London – Trygve Lie agrees with Milorg’s anti-sabotage policy: “…we must not unnecessarily put people’s lives in danger.”
4	Norwegian newspapers carry news that Germans had surrendered at Stalingrad.
8/9	London: N. Government unanimously agreed to resign immediately upon return to Norwegian soil after end of conflict.
17	Hardangervidda – Six Norwegian Linge-men led by Joachim Rønneberg dropped to co-ordinate with “Grouse”(Swallow)	Operation Gunnerside
22	Oslo: National Labour Act –All men 18-55 and all women aged 21 -40 (with certain exceptions) to register.
26	Majority of students refuse to recognise “Students’ Union”
27-28	Vemork: Successful attack on Norsk Hydro’s heavy-water plant.

MARCH

Notes

1	Flekkefjord – Odd Starheim hijacks steamer ‘Tromsøsund’ but German aircraft sink ship and all onboard are killed.
3	Vest-Agder: British aircraft attack Kraben mines
9	Quisling organises Regiment Norge – 700 men to be trained in Germany
25	New National Labour Act: All “healthy Norwegian youths to register.”
28	Failed Linge landing at Toftefjord, Troms. Became world famous through Jan Baalsrud’s book “Nine Lives”	Operation Martin

APRIL

Notes

1	Battleship “Tirpitz” anchors in Kafjord, an arm of the Altafjord.
Early April	Large German-led forces begin to scour Hardangervidda in search of Allied troops whom they believe were involved in Vemork attack.
13	Home-Front issues “parole” advising those involved not to register for Labour Service.
19	Moss – German freighter sunk by Linge men.	Oslo Gang
20	Oslo – German troops in birthday parade for Hitler.
21	Oslo– successful sabotage attack on Employment Office.	Oswald Gang
21	Oslo– Quisling returns from Berlin
27	Oslo– “XU” leader, Arvid Storsveen shot and killed by Gestapo	XU
28	Oslo –German ships attacked, ‘Ortelsburg’ sunk, ‘Tugela’ damaged by limpet mines. (Mardonis)

MAY

Notes

7-9	Köpmannebro, Sweden. Meeting between Milorg and representatives from Norwegian Defence Ministry in London. Milorg leader Olaf Helset remained in Sweden after meeting.
8	Oslo – Ole Hallesby and Ludvig Hope wrote to Quisling expressing the Church’s opposition the proposed Labour Service Act.
10	Milorg created Bedriftsorganisasjonen (Industry Organisation), to carry out ”passive” sabotage.
13	New Act determines May 17 to be normal working day
13	Oslo – Ole Hallesby and Ludvig Hope arrested and imprisoned at Grini.
13	North Africa – Surrender of remaining German troops.
19	Trondheim 11 men, including Peder Morset and Henry Thingstad murdered. Arrests were result of Rinnan Gang’s negative contacts.
22	“Terboven is the most hated man in Scandinavia” (Goebbel’s diary)

JUNE

Notes

5	German freighter sunk by Norwegian MTB’s in Korsfjorden.
7	Oslo – The first Norwegian “NN” prisoners sent to Germany	NN
15	Centennial celebrations for Edvard Grieg in Norway, Germany Austria and London – where Nordahl Grieg and Gerd Grieg attended a concert in the Royal Albert Hall.
15	London – Paal Berg acknowledged as leader of civilian Home Front in a letter presented by Prime Minister at Cabinet meeting
23	Oslo – Tore Gjelsvik takes over leadership of KK
25	Washington D.C. Roosevelt and Churchill meeting. Eisenhower ordered to plan invasion of France by Spring 1944
27	Oslo – Home Front leadership replies to letter of June 15 – disagreement and dissatisfaction with contents.
27	Stavanger – SIS agent Olaf Reed-Olsen, establishes radio station ‘Aquarius’ in cooperation with XU groups in Stavanger, Egersund, and Flekkefjord.

JULY

Notes

1	Stockholm – First Norwegian participants in police training course.
2	London – Crown Prince Olav’s 40th birthday celebrations.
10	Sicily – Allied forces return to Europe under General Eisenhower. Landings successful and important beachheads established. D/S Bergensfjord was among invasion fleet.
12	Laukvik – German forces land to search for Norwegian partisans. Gruesome results.	Operation Midnightsun
20	London – Norwegian/British agreement of civil administration in Norway immediately after liberation.
24	American aircraft based in England bombed Herøya and the submarine base at Trondheim. N.authorities in London not informed
27	West-coast – MTB 345 captured by Germans. Uniformed crew of 7 taken to Bergen and murdered by security police.

AUGUST

Notes

5	Stockholm – New regulation stops German troop transit in Sweden
6	Communist sabotage group (Oswald Group) established armed camp at Sollia Hotel.
13	Gestapo orders arrest of all Norwegian regular and reserve officers.
14	Quisling proclaimed that military and paramilitary units(including the police), henceforth to be considered as part of the “armed forces of the country”
16	Oslo – Policeman Gunnar Eilifsen arrested and shot for refusing to arrest two girls who had been called in for labour-service.
16	Arrests of remaining Norwegian officers – 1700 in total, 950 sent to prison camps in Germany.
18	Troms – 24 Norwegians tried in connection with “Arnøy” partisans	Partisans

SEPTEMBER

Notes

8	“Tirpitz”, “Scharnhorst” “Lϋtzow” and 6 escort vessels attack Svalbard and leave Barentsburg and Longyearbyen in ruins.
9	Norwegian MTB’s sink German freighter near Trondheimsfjord
22	Kåfjord – “Tirpitz” damaged by British commandoes	X-Craft
30	Coastal Steamer “Sanct Swithun” attacked by 6 British aircraft. 35 Norwegians and 12 Germans killed. 76 saved by locals.

OCTOBER

Notes

4	Ålesund – “Linge” action – limpet mines damaged German ship.
6	Trondheim – Failed attempt to assassinate Rinnan
7	Drammen – Oswald group destroyed railway line and passenger train .
13	Italy – Italy declares war on Germany
14	Three “hostages” from Drammen and two from Mjøndalen shot as reprisal for October 7 sabotage.
15	Oslo University– 10 teachers and 50 students arrested for their opposition to new enrolment regulations.
20	Falstad concentration camp – A group of Yugoslav prisoners escaped	Falstad
26	Shetlands – 3 American submarine chasers delivered to Norway’s marine forces.

NOVEMBER

Notes

2	Stockholm – Official discussion about military training of up to 10000 Norwegian reserve forces.	Police-Troops
10	Oslo – Several leaders of the illegal press organization arrested.
15	First joint-statement from leaders of “Kretsen” and “Milorg” sent to Government in London – “agreement on strategy”.
16	Rjukan: Bombed by American aircraft.
17	Trondheim – Seven members of Wærdahl gang murdered and 9 others deported to “death camps” in Germany
21	Arendal – Three “Linge” men attack and partly destroy Eydehavn foundry.
25	Oslo Einar Høigård, one of the University teachers’ leaders, committed suicide after intensive Gestapo torture.
28	Oslo - A fire broke out in the auditorium at Oslo University. Authorities blamed communist agitators.
30	Oslo – Terboven order German soldiers to arrest students at University and high schools. 1200 arrested, 650 were later deported to Germany.

DECEMBER

Notes

2/3	Nordahl Grieg missing, presumed dead after air raid over Berlin.
9	Three hundred of the arrested students deported to Germany
16	Oslo – XU leader Bjørn Reinertsen shot and killed by G. police.
16	Oslo – Leadership in Milorg changed after Ole Brandstorp was forced to flee to Sweden.
19	Oslo – Ammunition ship explodes at Filipstad dock. Not sabotage
25	British/Norwegian naval group attack and sink “Scharnhorst”

TIME LINE 1944

The beginning of the end – but with tragic events en-route

JANUARY

Notes

	Milorg reduces intake of new recruits
7	Oslo – Halfdan Jønsson, important Trade Union leader, arrested.
17	Oslo – In letter to SS Gen. Berger, Minister Riisnæs suggests mobilization of 75000 Norwegian men.(Letter ‘leaked’ to Resistance by Riisnæs’ secretary.)
22	The illegal newspaper Free Trade Union printed article supporting Milorg’s policy of “passive resistance” against Nazis
23	Oslo – Edvard Munch died
24	Berlin – Quisling presents mobilization plan to Hitler

FEBRUARY

Notes

2	Bergen – Finn Blytt, well-known youth leader and Resistance member, commits suicide at Gestapo headquarters
2	Proclamation in newspapers: All men born in 1925 to report for Labour Service before February 10th
2-16	Extensive crack-down on illegal press operations in Oslo area.
19	Tinnsjø – Ferry carrying “Heavy Water” to Germany sunk in Linge-action.
21	Oslo – German ship sunk in Linge action

MARCH

Notes

1	Agreement between Government in Exile and Home Front regarding restoration of civilian rule when hostilities cease.
2	Two of “Oswald” gang executed for participation in Labour office sabotage
13-28	Stockholm – meeting of Defence High Command, Milorg and Police.
15	Co-ordination Committee issues proclamation against Labour Service.
16	Tønsberg – Gestapo arrested many Milorg leaders.
31	Lunner – Gestapo round-up of Resistance leaders in Hadeland

APRIL

Notes

1	Knut Haugland “Primus” narrowly escapes capture at hospital where he had operated a radio station since January.
1	Linge-man Tor Stenersen shot trying to escape from Akershus. He died next day.
3	Altafjord – British aircraft bomb and severely damage the newly repaired “Tirpitz”
12	Bergen – British mini-submarine, (X-craft) damages German ship. The real target was the floating dock at Laksevåg.
12	Proclamation from Home Front Leadership outlining their six objectives at liberation.
19	Start of huge campaign by Co-ordination Committee against Labour Service
20	Bergen – A freighter loaded with dynamite exploded causing extensive damage. As this day was Hitler’s birthday, sabotage was suspected.
28	Lillestrøm – British air-raid against Kjeller causes damages and deaths.

MAY

Notes

5	Mostly unsuccessful attempts by Milorg to destroy Labour Service records in several communities in eastern Norway.
8	A Communist sabotage group destroyed railway bridge at Ask near Hønefoss
9	Hadeland – Round-up of Resistance cells continued
9	Thameshavn – A group of Linge-men destroyed Orkla’s remaining locomotive
9	Trandumskogen– Nine prisoners murdered for Resistance work	Tellefsen
10	Trandumskogen – Ten Norwegians murdered as reprisals
12	Bergen – Over 1000 anti-Labour service posters set up during night.
16	London– Government signed post-war civil administration and legal status agreement with USA, UK, and USSR
18	London – Home Front Leadership’s proclamation of April 12th broadcast over Radio London.
19	Oslo– Announcement that men born in ’21,’22 and ’23 must register for Labour service sparked massive resistance from Home Front leadership
22	Olaf Moen murdered for encouraging young men not to register for LS
30	Oslo–Oswald Gang destroys transformer-works.

JUNE

Notes

	June, thousands of young men who refused to register for Labour service fled into woods and countryside. Popularly known as “The boys in the woods”.
6	Normandy: D-Day – Allied forces landed on Normandy beaches. Norwegian participation on land, sea and in the air.
6	Alta – Radio station “Ida” discovered by Gestapo – one of operators, Karl Rasmussen arrested but commits suicide in Tromsø
8	Oslo – Registration machine destroyed in sabotage of Norske Folk’s office.
9	Oladalen, Nordland – Arrest of Linge leader Capt. Sjøberg leads to round-up of Resistance cells in county.
10	Hønesfoss – Arrest of communist Resistance man leads to many further arrests
11	Etterstad – Radio operator Sverre Narvesen arrested
13	Valdres: Start of extensive German search for Resistance groups.
19	Oslo – Max Manus and Gregers Gram damage G. ship “Monte Rosa”
29	Oslo – Successful Linge actions against Lysaker and Verpen works
30	London: Crown-Prince Olav appointed CiC Norwegian Forces effectoved from July 1

JULY

Notes

4	Kirkenes – Massive air-raid by Soviet aircraft – most of town destroyed
4	Drammen: Nine students murdered for being in training for Milorg at Holtefjell.
4	Nesodden – Gun fight between Gestapo and Milorg leaders at Milorg HQ
18	Oslo – Men born in ’21, ’22, and ’23 must collect ration cards personally. This announcement was aimed at witholding food from the “boys in the woods”
20	Germany – Attempt to assassinate Hitler fails. Massive reprisals.
26	Oslo – Milorg given OK to commence active sabotage against oil and gas

AUGUST

Notes

9	Oslo: 7500 ration cards “hijacked” – Milorg’s answer to July 18 announcement
13	Oslo – Sabotage action against aircraft and engine warehouse
17	Oslo– Germans start arrest of 1400 junior Norwegian officers.
20	Norwegian Air Force squadrons 331/332 moved to France
23	Vadsø: Soviet aircraft almost completely destroy town
27	Holmenstrand – Sabotage of electrical installation at Aluminium works
30	Vassfaret: Linge group “Golden Eagle” landed – forerunner of first Home Forces base.

SEPTEMBER

Notes

	After meetings in London, the Milorg Central Leadership issued the “September Directive” outlining alternatives and plans for the cessation of hostilities. Henceforth, “Milorg” would be known as “Home Forces” (HS)
4	Finland surrenders
8	Prison ship Westfalen sunk by mine. 70 prisoners drowned..	Westfalen
11	Bergen: British mini-submarine sank floating dock.
15	Altafjord: Heavy bombers attack Tirpitz. Ship damaged beyond local repair.
15	Halden: Three hundred Resistance workers arrested
17	Kongsberg Weapons: Sabotage group blows up cannons and machines.
17	Minnesund: Transformer station destroyed by saboteurs
20	Hønefoss: State of Emergency: Massive German round-up. Two hostages murdered
25	Oslo: Two major sabotage actions, Lysaker and Hakadal
27	Horten: A newly built submarine-chaser completely destroyed by saboteurs
	Vikna – After more than a year of “negative contact” Henry Rinnan and the Gestapo carry out widespread round-up of Resistance workers.

OCTOBER

Notes

3	General Rendulic received order from Hitler to withdraw from N. Norway.
4	Bergen – Allied aircraft attack Laksevåg – tragic loss of life.
6	Hallingdal: Two Resistance groups surrounded by Gestapo forces
7	Murmansk front: Soviet forces begin offensive against Germans.
14	Sognefjord – ‘Home Forces’ base “Bjørn West” established.
17	Oslo: Jonas Lie ordered ‘voluntary’ evacuation of civilians from N. Norge.
18	Soviet forces enter Norwegian Territory in Finnmark
25	Oslo: Important “Milorg” leader, Gunnar Jahn, arrested
25	Kirkenes – Soviet troops enter city.
28	Berlin – Hitler orders German troops to evacuate civilian population from Finnmark: “Scorched Earth” policy	‘Scorched Earth’
29	Bergen – Second unsuccessful Alllied aircraft attack on Laksvåg.

NOVEMBER

Notes

10	East-Finnmark – 300 Norwegian troops arrived from Scotland
10	London: First plans for repatriation of Norwegian prisoners from Germany.
12	Tromsø – Tirpitz finally sunk by RAF.
13	Oslo: Linge Co men, Gregers Gram and Edvard Tallaksen, ambushed. Gram died on the spot, Tallaksen, wounded, committed suicide later.
14	Milorg chief Hauge to London. (Returned December 12th)
23	Oslo – “Pelle” group’s sabotage actions against Aker and Nyland works.
27	Rosøya, Norland. Prison ship “Rigel” attacked and sunk by Allied aircraft. Over 2500 dead.
27	Oslo: Saboteurs destroyed much of the Swedish Ball-Bearing Factory.

DECEMBER

Notes

5	London: New directive – Milorg to give priority to railway and road sabotage.
15	Gen. Rendulic replaces von Falkenhorst as CIC Norway. HQ to Lillehammer. (Lillehammer Tourist Hotel)
20	Joint leadership agreement for military and civilian “Home Front” in Norway
29	Sandefjord: British aircraft bomb and completely destroy chemical works
31	Oslo. Unsuccessful Allied bombing aimed at Gestapo HQ “Victoria Terrace”. Seventy-seven Norwegians killed. 23 Buildings damaged.

TIME LINE 1945

What would the 350,000 German troops in Norway do when Nazi-Germany finally surrendered? Against them, at the beginning of the year, the Home Forces numbered 30,000. A dangerous imbalance. What would be the outcome?

JANUARY

Notes

6-9	Norwegian MTB’s sink several German ships off west-coast of Norway
12	Transfer of Swedish-trained Norwegian Police-troops to Finnmark began
12	Bergen: Third air bombardments of Laksevåg submarine base.
13	N. Trøndelag: Jørstad bridge destroyed by Linge/Home forces group.
15	Oslo: Troopship (and infamous slave-ship), Donau sunk by Linge men
18	General Franz Böhme replaced Rendulic as CIC Norway
18	Auschwitz: Soviet troops approach. – All inmates on “Death March”.	Concentration Camps
21	Horten: German supply of torpedo-heads destroyed by saboteur.
29	Berlin: Quisling met with Hitler for last time but he achieved nothing except permission to supply weapons to his “hird”.
29	Berlin: Terboven threatens to execute 10000 Norwegian ‘hostages’ as reprisal for all recent sabotage actions in Norway. Hitler vetoes plan.

FEBRUARY

Notes

8	Oslo: State-police chief Karl Marthinsen assassinated by Milorg.	Assassinations
6-11	Hammerfest completely destroyed.
9-10	Oslo: Thirty-five men condemned to death as reprisals for Marthinsen’s assassination. Twenty-nine murdered, 5 survived.
12	Police announce reward of up to 100000 kroner for information leading to arrest of saboteurs
15	Sørøya: Over 500 Norwegians evacuated via Murmansk to Scotland
19	Himmler gives go-ahead to Count Folke Bernadotte’s plans to free Danish and Norwegian concentration camp inmates.	White Busses
20	Oslo: Quisling reveals plans for arming and mobilisation of “Hirden”

MARCH

Notes

12	36“White Busses” crossed German border from Denmark.
14	The largest concerted sabotage of the war: Operation “Cement-mixing”
21	“Parole” from Home Front:“…N. Home Front is a battle organisation”
30	Neuengamme: Count Bernadotte meets prisoners but permission to begin repatriation has still not been given.
30	Østerøy: Supplies intended for Bjørn West dropped in error but collected and carried up to camp by villagers.

APRIL

Notes

	Milorg advises London of German plans to destroy N. industry and communications in the event of a withdrawal.
2	Bernadotte met Himmler again and got permission to move “women and sick”
5	Vaihingen Concentration Camp 15 Norwegian. prisoners picked up, including Trygve Bratteli, later Prime Minister of Norway.
7	Ravensbrϋck: 186 Scandinavian women boarded “White Busses”
11	Porsgrunn: Allied aircraft attack Herøya Factory.
12	London: Swedish Government refuse Norwegian request for military aid when the German forces in Norway surrender.
17	Asker: After three year’s “house arrest” Bishop Berggrav “escapes” to Oslo
19	Count Bernadotte finally received permission to repatriate Scandinavian prisoners
20	Terboven sends telegram to Hitler promising “fight to the death”
25	Tønsberg: British bombers destroy oil refinery at Valløy. Many civilians killed and wounded.
26	German forces attack Milorg bases “Elg” and “Bjørn West	Home Bases
30	Berlin: Hitler commits suicide. He named Admiral Dönitz as his successor.

MAY

Notes

1	Military HQ in London orders Home Forces to integrate Communist groups
1	Böhme and Terboven summoned to meet Dönitz nr.Flensburg.
2	Oslo: A successful break-in at Justice Department secures important documents and archives for Home Forces.
4	German forces in Denmark and Holland surrender
4	Böhme and Terboven return from Flensburg.
5	Home Forces receive authorisation from London to act “on behalf of Government” until representatives from Government arrive in Oslo
5	Oslo: Quisling speaks on radio and promises “a peaceful changeover”.
6	Swedish Chief of Poice Dr. Söderman arrived in Oslo
7	0400 Rheims: General Alfred Jodl signs surrender documents.
7	Oslo: Headline in Aftenposten, The National Government is Norway’s legal and actual Government- written by Quisling.
7	Oslo: Knut Hamsun, Rϋtger Essen and Halldis Neegaard Østbye were amongst those wrote positive Hitler obituaries in Aftenposten.
7	Stockholm: Peace celebrations with large Norwegian participation.
7	Terboven offers Quisling an aircraft to fly him abroad. Quisling refused.
7	1530 Grini Dr. Söderman spoke to prisoners They were released next day
7	1830 London: Surrender confirmed in Radio broadcast to Norway
7	Asker: Terboven received telegram from Dönitz advising that he was discharged and all his authority and duties transferred to Bhöme in Lillehammer
7	Oslo: Hated Gestapo chief Fehmer “escapes” to internment camp. Later exposed
8	Asker: SS General Rediess commits suicide at Skaugum
8	1230 Bygdøy: Milorg representative Bjørn Foss met with Quisling.
8	1500 London: Winston Churchill. Radio Speech on BBC
8	1500 Norway: Church bells ring throughout Norway
8	1630 Fornebu: 2 aircraft carrying Allied Commission land.
8	Bærum: NS “ministers” Lie, Riisnæs and Police chief Rogstad ensconced at Skallum farm.	Skallum
8	Porsgrunn: Gestapo chief Fehlis commits suicide
8	1930 Allied Commission leaves Oslo for Lillehammer
8	2301 GMT – Official time for surrender(0101 May 9 in Norway)
8	2305 Allied Commission arrives Lillhammer Tourist Hotel
8	2345 Allied Commission meets with Böhne.	Skaugum
8	2330 Asker: Terboven commits suicide in ‘Skaugum’ bunker
9	0100 Lillehammer: Böhme accepts terms of surrender
9	40000 armed men from Home Forces took over guard duties throughout Norway
9	0715 Oslo: Quisling and other “ministers” interned at Møllergaten 19
9	Oslo: The British 1st Parachute Division lands at Fornebu.
9	Oslo: Olav Midtun give the first legal Norwegian broadcast since April 9 1940
10	British troops flown into Stavanger. Norwegian police troops arrived by train in Narvik, Trondheim and Oslo.
11	“Minister” Riisnæs gave himself up at Skallum. Rogstad and Lie committed suicide
12	Oslo: Ministers Hartmann and Støstad arrive from Stockholm as the first Government representatives.
13	Oslo: Crown Prince and Government delegation arrive on board ‘Apollo’.
14	Oslo: Government delegation takes over ruling control from Home Front Leadership
14	First “free” newspapers published
14	Oslo: The Supreme Court met for first time since 1940
31	Oslo: Norwegian Prime Minister and rest of Government returned on board steamer ‘Andes.’

JUNE

Notes

7	Oslo: Kong Haakon VII and Crown Princess Märtha arrive onboard HMS Norfolk. Thousands throng pier as Royal party arrive and later drive in an open car through streets packed with cheering citizens.
9	Oslo: Home Forces from all over Norway parade through Oslo to Royal Palace
30	Oslo: ‘Allies Day’ Celebration – Allied troops parade through streets.

JULY

Notes

Oslo: Home Forces demobilised.

Testimonial

SEPTEMBER

Notes

10	Oslo: Vidkun Quisling sentenced to death.	Retribution
25	Jarfjord: The last of the Soviet troops leave Norwegian soil.

OCTOBER

Notes

Oslo: Vidkun Quisling executed.